This Concept Builder fits equally well into a unit on Work and Energy as it does in a unit on Vibrations and Waves. The Concept Builder focuses on how energy changes from potential to kinetic energy and back to potential energy over and over again as a pendulum bob vibrates back and forth along its circular arc. Students express their understanding of these changes using words (first activity), energy bar charts (second activity) and numbers (third activity). To be successful, students must understand terms kinetic energy as being due to the motion of the object, (gravitational) potential energy as being due to the height of the object, and total mechanical energy being the sum of the kinetic and potential energies. 

This Concept Builder can be used as an in-class activity or (for those with Task Tracker subscriptions) as assigned homework/practice. We recommend preceeding the Concept Builder with lab work, demonstrations, and simulations (in that order). Once students have gained some comfort with the concept, allow them a chance to do the Concept Builder. There are three independent activities to complete, each of which can be quickly completed. Teachers using the Concept Builder with their classes should preview the activity (or view the Questions in the separate file) in order to judge which activities would be most appropriate for their students. Our summary of the three activities is as follows:

• KE, PE, and TME: Question Groups 1 - 3 ... Describe how the KE, PE, and TME changes as a pendulum bob moves along its path. 
• Energy Bar Charts: Question Groups 4-6 ... Identify the correct energy bar charts for various locations along a pendulum’s path.
• Do It With Numbers: Question Groups 7-12 ... Given the KE and PE values at a given location along a pendulum’s path, identify the KE and PE values at a second location along its path.

In order to complete an activity, a student must correctly analyze each question in that activity. If a student's analysis is incorrect, then the student will have to correctly analyze the same or very similar question twice in order to successfully complete the activity. This approach provides the student extra practice on questions for which they exhibited difficulty. As a student progresses through an activity, a system of stars and other indicators are used to indicate progress on the level (when logged in as a Task Tracker user). A star is an indicator of correctly analyzing the question. Once a star is earned, that question is removed from the que of questions to be analyzed. Each situation is color-coded with either a yellow or a red box. A red box indicates that the student has incorrectly analyzed the question and will have to correctly analyze it twice before earning a star. A yellow box is an indicator that the question must be correctly analyzed one time in order to earn a star. Once every question in an activity has been analyzed, the student earns a trophy which is displayed on the Main Menu (for those students with Task Tracker accounts). 

The most valuable (and most overlooked) aspect of this Concept Builder is the Help Me! feature. Each question group is accompanied by a Help page that discusses the specifics of the question. This Help feature transforms the activity from a question-answering activity into a concept-building activity. The student who takes the time to use the Help pages can be transformed from a guesser to a learner and from an unsure student to a confident student. The "meat and potatoes" of the Help pages are in the sections titled "How to Think About This Situation:" Students need to be encouraged by teachers to use the Help Me! button and to read this section of the page. A student that takes time to reflect upon how they are answering the question and how an expert would think about the situation can transform their naivete into expertise. 

 

 

There are a few resources at The Physics Classroom website that serve as very complementary supports for the Energy of a Pendulum Concept Builder. These include:

Additional resources and ideas for incorporating this Energy of a Pendulum Concept Builder into an instructional unit on Vibrations and Waves can be found at the Teacher Toolkits section of The Physics Classroom website.  Visit Teacher Toolkits.