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Objective: To identify whether positive, negative, or zero work is being done, to identify the force that is doing the work, and to describe the energy transformation associated with such work.

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Kinematics

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Acquire data from a single representation (diagram, graph, text, etc.) in order to answer a question.

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Acquire data from two representations (diagram, graph, text, etc.) in order to answer a question.

An investigation of a free falling objectafter being projected upward from the ground.

Acquire data from two or three representations (diagram, graph, text, etc.) in order to answer a question.

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Acquire data from one or two representations (diagram, graph, text, etc.) in order to answer a question.

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Kinematics Kinematics is a branch of physics concerned with the description of the motion of objects. A moving object can be described by more than just words. Graphs, diagrams, and equations are among the other means of describing an object's motion. Consider a ball that is thrown upward from ground level. Figure 1 depicts a diagram for the ball's motion. The position of the ball at 1 second intervals is represented by a dot. Each dot is labeled with a letter. The ball starts on the ground (A) rises upward to a peak position (E) and then falls back to the ground (I). Figure 2 includes a graph that represents the position of the ball with respect to time. The position is measured relative to the ground. That is, ground level represents a position of 0 m. The graph represents the complete up and down motion of the ball. Figure 3 includes a graph that represents the velocity of the ball with respect to time. The velocity of an object describes how fast the object is moving and in what direction. When physicists represent the velocity of an object numerically, they often use a positive (+) or a negative (-) sign to describe the direction of the velocity. It is conventional to use a positive sign for an upward direction and a negative sign for a downward direction.

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Stopping Distance One aspect of safe driving involves the ability to stop a car readily. This ability depends upon the driver's alertness and readiness to stop, the conditions of the road, the speed of the car, and the braking characteristics of the car. The actual distance it takes to stop a car consists of two parts - the reaction distance and braking distance. When a driver sees an event in his/her field of view that might warrant braking (for example, a dog running into the street), a collection of actions must be taken before the braking actually begins. First the driver must identify the event and decide if braking is necessary. Then the driver must lift his/her foot off the gas pedal and move it to the brake pedal. And finally, the driver must press the brake down its full distance in order to obtain maximum braking acceleration. The time to do all this is known as the reaction time. The distance traveled during this time is known as the reaction distance. Once the brakes are applied, the car begins to slow to a stop. The distance traveled by the car during this time is known as the braking distance. The braking distance is dependent upon the original speed of the car, the road conditions, and characteristics of the car such as its profile area, mass and tire conditions. Figure 1 shows the stopping distance for a Toyota Prius on dry pavement resulting from a 0.75-second reaction time. The reaction time of the driver is highly dependent upon the alertness of the driver. Small changes in reaction time can have a large effect upon the total stopping distance. Table 1 shows the reaction distance, braking distance, and total stopping distance for a Toyota Prius with an original speed of 50.0 mi/hr and varying reaction times.

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